Environmental distribution

The contamination of sediment and seawater in the immediate environment of munitions in the sea is undisputed. However, whether there is a threat of large-scale environmental pollution remains a subject of research. To address this, many possibilities for the distribution of relevant chemical compounds in the ecosystem must be understood, including the importance of the distribution of particles, solutions, and metabolised munitions ingredients. Initial results indicate a potential risk.

Biomonitoring

Certan species, such as blue mussels, serve as key biomonitors for detecting and quantifying toxi chemicals from corroding munitions in the sea, providing valuable insights into marine ecosystem contamination.

Sediment contamination

Studies show the release of explosive chemicals and chemical warfare agents from munition dumpsites, with relevant concentrations remaining.

Transport contamination

Oceanographic modelling helps identify and prioritise pollutant sources for remediation to reduce primary inputs. The release of TNT through dissolution matches reasonably well with field data. Ongoing efforts aim to extend this understanding to other munition-related chemicals.

Chemical exposure

Marine organisms uptake explosive chemicals, with effects on health and survival measured via multi-biomarker and molecular approaches.

Bioaccumulation

Effects of biological concentration, accumulation and magnification of munition compounds along the marine food chain appear relevant.

Food web

Distribution of munition compounds in the marine food web and their effects on the sustainability of the biological production of the seas.

White phosphorous

White phosphorus poses hazards to beachgoers, as it is often mistaken for amber, leading to accidents on shores.